In Oracle, a full table scan occurs when the database reads every row in a table to satisfy a query. This can be a very time-consuming operation, especially for large tables. There are a number of ways to avoid full table scans, including:
Using indexes: Indexes are data structures that can be used to quickly find rows in a table based on their values. By creating an index on the columns that are used in a query, you can avoid having to scan the entire table.